Measuring apparatus



Oct. 11', 1949. J. RAZEK A 2,484,737-

MEASURING APPARATUS Fild may ile, 1945 4 Sheets-Sheet 1 OCt. 11, Y J RAZEK MEASURING APPARATUS I Filed May 19, 1945 r 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 gigs IN V EN TOR.

0a. 11, 1949. RAZEK 2,484,737

MEASURING APPARATUS Filed May 19, 1945 4 Sheets-Sheet 3 /4l5 -54 4 5/ M m -I W x A! 130 NVENTOR.

BY Jew/1 WW Oct. 11, 1949. RAZEK 2,484,737

MEASURING APPARATUS Filed May 19, 1945 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 44 4A5 54: l|lilllilll)% ANPLIFIER AMPLIFIER H 102 Z 36 1 m WWW- INVENTOR. d

Patented Oct. 11, 1949 2,484,737 MEASURING ABPARATUS Joseph Razek, Llanerch, Pa., assignor, by mesne assignments, to Oliver W. Storey, Wheaten, 111., as trustee for the partnership of O. W. Storey & Associates, Chicago, Ill.

Application May 19, 1945, Serial No. 594,662

12 Claims. 1

This invention relates to an apparatus and method for making measurements. In the field of physical measurement, it is frequently desired to obtain the value of the ratio represented by the expression where a, b, c and cl are equal or proportionate to quantities or other values which it is possible to determine or represent. As a simple example, it may be desired to determine the average rate of flow or consumption of a substance, such as a liquid, or of energy, such as electrical energy,

within a desired unit, such as a period of time.

As another example, the apparatus may be employed in the determination of the thermal conductivity of materials. Such an apparatus is described and claimed in my copending application Serial No. 594,661, filed May 19, 1945. said application, the different values represent temperatures and three values, rather than four, ,areinvolved. The ratio in such case is b-d which represents a species of the present invention in which the values b and c in the ratio are equal to each other. The present invention covers applications in which one of the values a and b of the expression L cd is equal to one of the values 0 and d.

It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved apparatus and method for making measurements of the character described which is simple in both construction and operation and gives a direct reading of the desired measurement.

In accordance with the invention, means are provided for converting the values a, b, c and d into proportionate values of electrical resistance, and for giving a direct reading of the desired ratio.

In the drawings:

Figs. 1 and 2 are diagrammatic illustrations of apparatus for converting values of different kinds into values of electrical resistance;

Fig. 3 is a diagrammatic illustration of an electrical arrangement of the resistors in accordance with the invention; and

Figs. 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 are diagrammatic illustrations of different modifications of the apparatus of the'invention.

The specific example mentioned heretofore, in which the average rate of flow of a liquid during a period of time is determined, is selected for convenience because of its simplicity. Fig. 1 illustrates the apparatus for converting the values representing the quantity of liquid flowing during said period of time into values of electrical resistance. The liquid flows in pipe 3 and is conducted through the meter 50 which measures the quantity of liquid passing through it, such measurement being registered by-the turning of shaft l I. The motion of shaft 1 I is transmitted through a clutch E2 to re'duc-tion'gearing it and thence to a second shaft M. The motion of shaft i4 is transmitted to the movable contacts 95 and I6 of variable resistors l and l, which contacts are mounted fixedly on said shaft. The motion of shaft i l is transmitted through a clutch ii to a second shaft It. The movable contacts l9 and 2d of variable resistors 2 and 2' are fixedly mounted on shaft 68 and are moved by said shaft. The variable resistors l, i, 2 and 2' are so constructed as to be identical to each other, whereby when the movable contacts thereof are in the same position relative to the resistance elements, the values of resistance between the terminals of the different resistors are equal to each other. The movable contacts is and it are so mounted on shaft M that they are in corresponding positions uponthe resistors l and l at all positions of shaft i l, whereby the values of resistance between the terminals of resistors l and i are equal to each other at all positions of shaft 54. The same relationship exists between resistors 2 and 2, i. e., the contacts Hi and 213 are so arranged on shaft is that the values of the resistance between the terminals of resistors 2 and 2 are equal to each other at all positions of shaft 58.

The means for converting values representing time into values of resistance are shown in Fig. 2. They comprise a suitable chronograph 23 which turns a shaft 24, the motion of which is transmitted through a clutch 25 and a reduction gearing 26 to a second shaft 21. The motion of shaft 27 is transmitted to the movable contacts 28 and 29 of variable resistors S and 3', and is also transmitted through a clutch St to a second shaft 3i which, in turnmoves the movable contacts 32 and 33 of resistors t and i. As with the resistor arrangement of Fig. l, the resistors 3, 3, 4 and 4 of Fig. 2 are all identical and when the movable contacts thereof are in the same position relative to the resistance elements the values of resistance between the terminals of the several resistors are equal to each other. Contacts til and 29 are so arranged on shaft 2'! that they occupy the same positions relative to the resistance elements of resistors 3 and 3' respectively, and the same mutual relationship exists with respect to the contacts 32 and 33 of resistors t and 4'.

The resistance values of resistors I, I, 2 and 2 are caused to be proportionate to the quantity of liquid which has passed through the meter ID at the beginning and the end, respectively, of the desired interval of time. This is accomplished in 3 the following manner. The clutches I2 and I1 are disengaged and the movable contacts of all of the resistors I, I, 2 and 2' are set at the same position, preferably at a position at which little or no resistance is between the terminals of the i resistors. The clutches I2 and I! are then engaged and the movable contacts of all of the resistors move together to increase the resistance between their terminals in accordance with the quantity of liquid passing through the meter Ill.

Such condition is allowed to continue until the starting time of the desired interval arrives. At the beginning of the interval, the clutch I1 is disengaged. The movable arms I9 and 29 of resistors 2 and 2 become stationary and the value of resistance between the terminals of the resistors is proportionate to the quantity of liquid which has passed through the meter at the beginning of the interval. The movable arms I5 and I6 of resistors I and I continue to move until the end 5 of the desired period of time when the clutch I2 is disengaged. The value of the resistance included between the terminals of resistors I and I has increased by an amount proportionate to the quantity of liquid which passed through meter It during the said interval, and the difierence between the value of resistance between the terminals of resistor I or of resistor I and the value of resistance between the terminals of resistor 2 or resistor 2 is proportionate to the last mentioned quantity of liquid.

The time interval is measured in a similar manner by the apparatus shown in Fig. 2. The clutches 2? and 353 are first disengaged and the movable contacts 28, 29, 32 and 33 are all adjusted to the same position, preferably one which causes little or no resistance to be included between the terminals of each resistor. The clutches and are then both engaged, and the resistance between the terminals is increased in proportion to the elapsed time. The apparatus may be allowed to operate thus until the starting instant of the desired interval arrives. At the beginning of the interval, clutch 33 is disengaged and at the end of the interval clutch 25 is disengaged. The resistance values of resistors 4 and 4' are proportionate to the time at the beginning of the interval, and the resistance values of resistors 3 and 3' are proportionate to the time at the end of the interval. Means which are not shown may be provided for automatically disengaging clutches I7 and 3!] simultaneously at the beginning of the interval and disengaging clutches I2 and 25 at the end of the interval.

Representing the quantity of liquid which has passed through meter II] at the beginning of the interval by b, the quantity which has passed at the end of the interval by a, the time at the beginning of the interval by d and the time at the end of the interval by c, the average quantity of 4 liquid flowing during the interval is represented by the equation:

a-b cd Representing the resistance value of each of resistors l and I by R1, that of resistors 2 and 2 by R2, that of resistors 3 and 3 by R3 and that of resistors 4 and 4 by R4, R1 is a function of a, R2 is a function of b, R3 is a function of c, and R4 is a function of d, and the quantity of liquid flowing during the interval is also represented by the equation:

after due consideration is given to the proper conversion factors, as will be discussed hereinafter. There are other applications in which physical quantities or values may be converted into proportionate values of resistance, and the apparatus and method which is described hereafter has general application to the determination of the ratio represented by the expression ab d where a, b, c and (1 represent physical quantities or values which can bedetermined or represented.

The direct determination of the difference between the resistance values of two resistors is diflicult, and in accordance with the invention, the values of R1, R2, R3 and R4 are converted into proportionate values of voltage and apparatus is provided for determining directly the ratio The resistance values are converted into proportionate voltages by causing the same value of current to pass through all of the resistors. This is accomplished by providing the resistors in duplicate, that is, in pairs, the members of each pair having the same resistance values under all circumstances. In the arrangements shown in Figs. 1 and 2, the resistors on each shaft constitute a pair, that is, resistors I and I constitute one pair, etc. To secure the same value of current to flow through all of the resistors, they are arranged in two groups, as shown in Fig. 3, the resistors of each group being connected together in series and the two groups being connected in parallel with each other. to a suitable source of voltage. Each group of series-connected resistors contains one of the resistors of each pair. For example, one group consists of the resistors I, 2, 3 and d, with resistors I and 3 arranged at the two ends of the groups, respectively. The other group consists of the resistors I, 2', 3' and 4', with the resistor 2 in the end position corresponding to the position of resistor I of the first group, and the resistor 4' in the end position corresponding to the position of resistor 3 of the first group. The two groups are connected in parallel with each other to a suitable source of voltage, indicated as the battery 31. For con- Venience, a switch 42 is provided for connecting and disconnecting the resistor arrangement from the energy source. Since the total resistance of one group is equal to that of the other, the same value of current flows through all of the resistors. The point in the circuit between resistors I and 2 is designatedas point 38, that between resistors 3 and 4 as point 40, that between resistors I and2' as point 39 and that between resistors 3 and 4' as point 5|. Designating the value of current flowing in the resistors as i, the potential differ- In the specific example herein considered, the resistance value of resistor is greater than that of resistor 2 and the potential at the point 38 is negative with respect to that at the point 39. In the same way, the resistance value of resistor 3 is greater than that of resistor 4' and the potential at the point 4!] is negative with respect to that at the point 4|. Continuing the analysis, since the value of z" is the same in Equations 3 and 4, the following relationship is true:

Therefore, the ratio which it is desired to determine is equal to the ratio of the potential difference between the points 38 and 39 to the potential difference between the points 40 and 4|. It is only necessary that resistors having resistance values which are functions of a and h respectively be arranged at corresponding end positions of one end of the two groups, and resistors having resistance values which are functions of c and d be arranged at corresponding end positions at the other end of the two groups. sistors may be arranged in any desired position. For example, in Fig. 3, the positions of resistors I and 4 may be interchanged from the positions shown, and the positions of resistors 2' and 3 may likewise be interchanged.

Several alternative means for determining the desired ratio are illustrated in Figs. 4, 5, 6 and 7. The invention is not limited to these alternative means, and others will occur to those skilled in the art. In the apparatus illustrated in Fig. 4, the groups of resistors are connected in the same manner as illustrated in Fig. 3 to a suitable source of voltage, such as battery 44, through the rheostat and switch 54. A gang-operated selector switch, designated by the numeral 46, has two sets of two contacts each, the contacts being designated respectively by the numerals 4?, 48,49 and 50. Point 38 of the resistor arrangement is connected to contact 59, point 39 to contact 48, point 40 to contact 4'! and point 4| to contact 49, The contacts 4'1 and 48 are adapted to cooperate with movable contact 5|, and contacts 45 and 5B are adapted to cooperate with movable contact 52. The movable contacts 5| and 52 are connected respectively to the terminals of the millivoltmeter 53.

In operating the apparatus of Fig. 4, with switch 54 closed, the movable contacts 5| and 52 are first brought into contact with contacts 41 and 49, thereby connecting millivoltmeter 53 between the points 49 and 4|. The millivoltmeter, in this position, gives a reading of the difference between the potential of point 4| and that of point 49, i. e., a reading of the voltage E. The rheostat 45 may be adjusted to provide a reading on millivoltmeter 53 which may be considered unity or 100%. With the setting of rheostat 45 unchanged, the movable contacts 5| and 52 are now shifted so as to make connection with contacts 48 and 59, thereby connecting millivoltmeter 53 between the points 38 and 39 and causing said millivoltmeter to give a reading of the difference between the potential of point 39 and that of point 38, i. e., a reading of the voltage 6. With the first reading (of the voltage E) reduced to The remaining reunity or 100%, the second reading (of the voltage 'e) is a direct reading, in units in the one case and in percent in the other, of the ratio e/E. In the specific example of measurement described heretofore, the reading is a direct measurement of the quantity of liquid flowing in pipe 9 during the particular interval of time chosen. It is necessary to convert the reading of voltages e and E into units of liquid quantity and time respectively. This requires but a simple mathematical computation, after which the millivoltmeter can be read directly or the readings converted directly into units of quantity per unit of time.

In the apparatus illustrated in Fig. 5 thesame arrangement of resistors and energy supply therefor is used ashas been described heretofore.v A gang-operated selector switch, designated generally by the numeral 5'E, has four sets of two contacts each, said contacts being designated individually by the numerals 53 to 85, inclusive. Each .set of two contacts is adapted to cooperate with .a movable contact, said movable contacts being designated by the numerals 56, El, 6% and 69, re-

I spectively.

A potentiometer, designated generally by the numeral i2, is provided, which is divided into eleven equal sections, the first nine of which are designated by the numeral l3 and the remaining two of which are designated by the numerals l4 and 15, respectively. The ends of the sections 73 and it are connected to tap terminals l5, and section 75 has a movable contact W. A second movable contact 82 is adapted to make selective contact with the terminals W. Voltage is supplied to the potentiometer 52 by a suitable source of energy, such as the battery it, through a rheostat l9 and a switch 80.

The contact 58 of selector switch 57 is connected to the potentiometer tap it located between scctions M and T5, and contact 5% is connected to the movable contact @2. Contact 60 is connected to the inter-resistor point Mi, and

contacts 5|, E2 and 53 are connected, respectively, to the inter-resistor points 39, 4| and 38, respectively. Contact 64 is connected to the potentiometertap' 76 between potentiometer sections- '54 and i3, and contact 65 is connected to the movable potentiometer contact 11.

The 'movable contacts 56 and 5? of selector switch 5'! are connected together directly, and movable contacts 68 and 6%? are connected together through the galvanometer 83.

In the operation of the apparatus of Fig. 5, the resistor units are first operated through the desired interval oi time as described in connection with the apparatus of Figs. 1 and 2. The switches Hand 39 are then closed and the movable contacts 56, 6t, 68 and 69 are moved into contact with contacts 58, til, 52 and 64. In this position, the points Mi and 4| are connected together by a series circuit containing potentiometer section 14 and galvanometer 83, the arence between points it and 4|.

rangement being such that the voltage across the potentiometer opposes the potential differ- The rheostat 19 is then adjusted until the galvanometer 83 reads zero. Under such conditions, the voltage across section "M equals the potential difference tacts 59, 6|, 63 and 85.

. 38 and 39.

7 gether by a series circuit containing galvanometer 83 and the portion of potentiometer 12 between the movable contacts 11 and 82. The arrangement is such that the voltage supplied by the potentiometer opposes the potential difference between the points 38 and 39. Contacts 11 and 82 are adjusted until galvanometer 83 reads zero. In the latter position of the apparatus, the potential difference between the contacts 11 and 82 equals the potential difierence between the inter-resistor points 88 and 39, i. e., the voltage e. The ratio e/E is equal to the ratio of the voltage between contacts 11 and 82 when the potentiometer is in the second position described heretofore to the voltage across section 14 when the potentiometer is in the first position. In practice, contacts 11 and 82 may be mounted upon dials and indicia employed indicating each of the sections 13 and 14 as one unit and dividing the section 15 into 10 equal portions. The voltage E across section 14 may, therefore, be considered one unit and the voltage e between contacts 11 and 82, and likewise the ratio e/E will be given directly by the reading upon the dials, in units and tenths. plication, mathematical conversion computations can be performed to convert the reading upon the dial into the desired units, so that a direct reading, as for example, of units of quantity per unit of time, can be read upon the dials. The number of sections 13 shown in potentiometer 12 is entirely arbitrary, and any desired number may be used. The apparatus of Fig. exhibits somewhat greater accuracy than that of Fig. 4 since no energy is taken from the series-parallel arrangement of resistors.

In the apparatus illustrated in Fig. 6, the ar rangement of resistors and the supply circuit therefor is the same as in the previous modification, and the inter-resistor points 49 and 4| are connected, respectively, to the input terminals of a. well known thermionic type of amplifier 86, which provides a current output proportional to the input voltage. The output terminals of amplifier 88 are connected to a winding 81 which is mounted upon a suitable cylindrical support 88 of nonmagnetic material. In a similar manner, inter-resistor points 38 and 39 are connected to the input terminals of an amplifier 89 similar to amplifier 86, and the output terminals of amplifier 89 are connected to a winding 90 which is mounted upon cylindrical support 9| similar to support 88, and is arranged substantially concentric with winding 81 and with its axis at right angles to that of winding 81. A magnetic needle 92 is mounted in freely pivotal manner substantially at the point where the axes of the two windings intersect. The axis of the support for needle 92 extends in a direction perpendicular to the axes of both of windings 81 and 99. Amplifiers 89 and 89 are so adjusted as to have the same relation between input voltage and output current, and windings 81 and 90 are identical.

In operation, with switch 54 closed, the current flowing in winding 81 is proportional to the voltage E, i. e., the potential difference between points 88 and 4|. In the same way, the current flowing in winding 90 is proportional to the voltage 2. i. e., the potential difference between points A magnetic field is generated by the current in winding 81, said field extending in a horizontal direction, as indicated by the arrow 93, at the point of support of needle 92, in the position of the apparatus as illustrated in Fig. 6. In a similar way, a magneticfield is generated by For any specific apphase with the voltage.

the current in winding 98, said field extending in a vertical direction, as indicated by the arrow 94. The magnetic fields have relative magnitudes in proportion to the relative values of the voltages E and e, which magnitudes are indicated by the relative lengths of the arrows 93 and 952-. Needle 92 assumes a position coinciding with the direction of the resultant field, as indicated in Fig. 6. A scale (not shown) may be provided for the needle 92 so calibrated as to give readings in terms of the desired ratio e/ E.

In the apparatus illustrated in Fig. 7, the arrangement of resistors i the same as has been described heretofore, except that the energy supply therefor comprises an alternating current generator 189 and a rheostat it! and switch 102 connected in series therewith, whereby an alternating voltage is impressed across the seriesparallel arrangement of resistors. The generator 189 preferably provides alternating voltage of a relatively low frequency such as ordinary 60 cycle energy, and the resistors, being substantially free of inductive and capacitive reactance, cause the current throughout the system to be substantially The inter-resistor points 99 and ll are connected to the input terminals of an amplifier 183 having characteristics such that its output is an alternating voltage proportional to the alternatin voltage input. In the same manner, inter-resistor points 38 and 99 are connected to the input terminals of a second amplifier i815, similar to amplifier I03. The output terminals of amplifier 503 are connected to the two horizontally opposed deflection plates 19-5 and 196 of a cathode ray oscilloscope t1, and the output terminals of amplifier I94 are connected to the two vertically opposed deflection plates 8 98 and N39 of oscilloscope I91. The amplifiers I83 and 1 are so constructed as to have identical gain characteristics and the oscilloscope Hi1 is so constructed that voltage between plates 85 and I98 produce-s the same magnitude of beam deflection as does an equal voltage between plates I88 and I09.

In operation, with switch Hi2 closed, the beam emitted by the cathode of oscilloscope I91 describes a pattern upon the fluorescent screen thereof which is a straight line, the direction of which is dependent upon the relative values of the voltages e and E. The voltage E causes horizontal deflection, as the oscilloscope is viewed in Fig. 7, and the voltage e causes vertical deflection. The line 1 [8 represents the pattern of the beam, and the ratio e/E is equal to the tangent of the angle made by the line I It with a line extending horizontally. A scale may be provided upon the oscilloscope which will give a direct reading of the desired ratio.

An instrument has recently been developed which is adapted to indicate the ratio between the values of two currents or voltages, and is described and illustrated on pages 128 and 129 of volume 18, No. 2 of Instruments (February 19, 1945). The inter-resistor points 38, 39, 40 and ll may be connected to the proper terminals of such ratio meter and an indication of the ratio e/E,

thereby obtained.

The apparatus of Figs. 1 and 2 may be operated in an alternative manner. Clutches l2, I 1, 25 and 38 may all be disengage-d and the movable contacts of all of the resistors placed at the same positions relative to the resistance elements thereof. Such condition may be allowed to continue until the beginning of the desired interval, when clutches l2 and 25 are engaged While clutches 9 I1 and 30 are allowed to remain disengaged. Such condition is maintained until the end of the desired period when clutches I2 and 25 are disengaged.

Under such operation, only three values need to be considered, rather than four as described heretofore. The values of time and liquid quantity at the beginning of the period can both be considered to be zero and are represented by the resistance values of resistors 2, 2', 4 and 4', all of which values are equal. Employing the same designations as heretofore, i. e., R1 for the resistance value of resistors I and I, etc., the only values which are involved are a, b and c, which are represented by R1, R2 and R3. This is a species of the invention in which the values b and d of the expression are equal to each other. The invention also includes the situation in which none of the values in the numerator of the fraction which expresses the ratio is equal to a value in the denominator, but one value in the numerator and one in the denominator can be represented by the resistors of one pair or by resistors having equal values of resistance.

The quantity of liquid which passed through meter I during the interval is represented by the expression and the time interval itself is represented by the expression Rs-Rz (7 The average quantity of liquid passing through the meter per unit of time is represented by the relationship:

Ri-R2 Rs-Rz The electrical arrangement for the last mentioned type of operation may be as shown in Fig. 8. Resistors 4 and 4 may be omitted from such arrangement and resistors I, 2 and 3 are connected together in series to form one group, with resistors 2 and 3 at the ends of the group, and resistors I, 2 and 3' are connected together in series to form the other group with resistors 2' in the position corresponding to that of resistor 3 of the first group and resistor I in the position corresponding to that of resistor 2 of the first group. The two groups are connected in parallel with each other to a source of voltage, such as battery I through rheostat I2I and switch I22. The gang-operated selector switch I24 has contacts I25 and I26 adapted to cooperate with movable contact I 21 and contacts I28 and I29 adapted to cooperate with movable contact I30. The movable contacts i2! and I30 are connected to the terminals of millivoltmeter I3I.

Contact I26 is'connected to the point I33 between resistors I and 2 and contact I29 is connected to the point I34 between resistors I and 3'. Contact I25 is connected to the point I35 between resistors I and 3 and contact I28 is connected to the point I33 between the resistors 2' and 3. The potential difference between points I35 and I36 will be designated by E and that between points I 33 and I34 by e.

In operation, the switch I22 is closed and movable contacts l2'I and I30 are brought into contact with contacts I25 and I28, thereby connecting millivoltmeter I3I between the points, I35

and I36. The rheostat I2I is adjusted to give a reading upon the millivoltmeter which may be considered unity. This is the voltage E. The movable contacts I21 and I30are now moved into contact with contacts I26 and I29, in which position the millivoltmeter is connected between points I33 and I34 and the millivoltmeter gives a reading of the voltage e.

The apparatus of the invention provides a simple means for quickly determining the comparative values of the differences represented by the expressions a-b and cd or of the differences represented by the expressions R1Rz and R3Ri. It also may be used for indicating the comparative resistance values of two resistors. For example, Equation 3 shows that the potential difierence e betweenpoints 38 and 39 isequal to the difference between the potential drops across resistors I and 2 and, since the same value of current flows in both resistors, the potential difference 6 is a measure of the comparative resistance values of the said resistors. The invention has wide field of application. While but a few modifications of the invention are described and illustrated, the invention is not limited thereto, and others will occur to those skilled in the art and are included within the spirit ofthe invention as the same is set forth in the appended I claims.

What is claimed is: 1. Apparatus of the character described, comprising, in combination, a plurality of pairs of resistors, the resistance values of the resistors'of each pair being substantially equal to each other,

said resistors being arranged electrically in two groups, each group comprising. one of the resistors of. each of said pairs,-the resistors of, each group being connected together in series, said groups of series-connected resistors being con-.

nected in parallel with each other to a source of electrical energy, and means for determining the ratio of the potential difference between the corresponding end-most inter-resistor points at one end of said groups to the potential difference. between the corresponding end-most inter-resistor points at the other end of said groups. 7

2. Apparatus of the character described, comprising, in combination, a plurality of pairs of resistors, the resistance values of the resistorsof each pair being substantially'equal to each other, said resistors being arranged electrically in two groups, each group comprising one of the resistors of each of said pairs, the resistors of each group being connected together in series, said groups of series-connected resistors being con nected in parallel with each other to a source of electrical energy, the resistors of each pair of resistors being located respectively at difierent positions in the separate groups of resistors, and

expressions R1R2 and Rs-R4, where R1,

R2, R3 and R4 are values of resistance, comprising, in combination, a plurality of pairs of resisters, each saidresistor, pair being soconstructed that the resistors thereof have resistance values substantially equal to each other, the resistors of; each said pair having a resistancevalue equal to adiiierent one of, the values R1, R2, R3 and R4, said resistors being arranged electrically in two groups, each group comprising one of the resistors of each of said pairs, the resistors of each group being. connected together in series, said groups of series-connected resistors being connected in parallel with each other to a source of electrical energy, resistors having the resistance values R1 and R2 being located respectively at corresponding end positions at one end of said groups, and resistors having the resistance values Rs and R4. being located at corresponding end positions at the other end of said groupsand means for indicating the values, relative to each other, of the potential difference between the corresponding end-most inter-resistor points atone end of said groups of resistors and the potential difi'erence between the corresponding end-most inter-resistor points at. the other end of said groups.

' 6, The apparatus as claimed in claim 5. in

whichone of the resistance values R1 and R2 is equal to one of the resistance values R3 and R4.

7,. Apparatusfor determining the comparative values ofthe. two. differences represented by the expressions R1-R2and Rs-R4, where R1, R2, R3, and R4 are values of resistance, comnri g, in combination, a plurality of pairs of resist resistancevalues ofthe resistorsof each pair being substantially equal to each other. the re sisters of each said pair having a resistance value equalto adififerent one of' the values R1, R3

R g, said resistors being arranged electrically in two groups, each group comprising one of the resistorsof each of said pairs, the resistors of each roup being connected together in series, said groups of series-connected,resistors being connected in parallel with each other to a source of electrical energy, rnea ns for indicatingthe values,v

relative to each other of the diiference between. the potential drop across a resistor having the resistance value R1 and the potential drop across.

a resistor having the resistance value and the difference between the potential drop resistor having the resistance Value R3 and the potential drop across a resistor having the resistance value R4.

8. Apparatus for determining the comparative values of the two differences represented by the expressions R1R2-and Rs-R4, where Raand'Ri are values of resistance, comprising. .11 combination, a pluralityofpairs of resistors, the resistance valuesof the resistors of each. pair being substantially equal to each other. the re sisters ofeach saidpair having a resistance value equalto a different one of the values R1, and R4,- said resistors'bein arranged: electrically in two groups, each group comprising one of the resistorsof each of said pairs. theresistors of each group-being connectedtogether-in series; the re sisters, of each pair of resistors being located respectively at different positionsin the separate groups of resistors, means for causing current of substantially equal value to flow through both of said groups, means. for indicating the values. relative to each other, of the difierence between the potential drops. across theresistors occupyin corresponding end positions at one end of said groups andthe difference between the potential dropsacross the-resistors occupyingcorresponding endpositions, at the other, end of said groups.

9..- APDaIatusior determinin therelative re.-

sistance values of two resistors. having resistance values- R1 and R2, comprising, in combination, a plurality of pairs of resistors, the resistance values of the resistors of each pair being substantially equal to. each other, the resistors of one of said pairs having the resistance value R1 and the resistor-s of a second pair having the resistance value R2, saidresistors being arrangedelectrically in two groups, each group comprising one of the resistors of each pair, the resistors of each'group being connected together in series, said groups of series-connected resistors being connected in parallel with. each other to a source of electrical energy, and means for measuring the diflerence between the potential drop across a resistor having the resistance value R1 and a resistor having the resistance value R2.

10. Apparatus for determining the comparative values of the two difierences represented by the expressions ab and"cd, where a, b, c and (1 represent values, comprising, in combination, a plurality of pairs of resistors, each said resistorpair being so constructedthat the resistors thereof have resistance values substantially equal to each other, means for causing the resistors of each said pair to assume aresistance value proportional to a different one: of the values a, b, c andid, said resistors being arranged electrically in two-groups, each group comprising one of the resistors of each of'said pairs, the resistors of each group being connected together in series, said groupsof seriesconnected resistors being. C nnected in parallel with each other to a source of electrical energy, resistors representing the values aandb bein located respectively at corresponding end positions at one end of said, groups, and resistors representing the values 0 and at being locatedat. corresponding end positions at the other end of said groups, and means for indicating the values, relative to each other, of the potential difierence between the corresponding end-most inter-resistor points at one end. of said groups of resistors and the potential difference between the corresponding end-most inter-resistor points at. the other end of said groups,

11. Apparatus for determining the ratio between the two difierences represented by the expressions ab and cd where a, b, c andd represent values, comprising, in combination, a plurality of pairs of resistors, the resistanceyalues of the resistors of each said pair being substan tially equal to each other, means for causing the resistors of each saidpair toassume a resistance value proportional to adifferent one of the values. a, b, c andd, said resistors being. arranged. electrically in two groups, each group comprising one of the resistors of each of said pairs, the resistors of each group being, connected, together.- in series, the resistors of each pair of resistors, being located respectively at. different positions. in the separate groups of resistors, means for causing current of substantially equal value toflow throughbothcf said groups, means for indicatingthe values, relative to each. other, of the difference between the'potential drops across the resistors at corresponding end. positions at one{ end. of said groups and the difference between,

expressions ab and 0-11, where a, b, c and d.

represent values, comprising:, in combination, a

' rplurality'of P r sis rs, mean or aus n 13 the resistance values of the resistors of each said pair to be substantially equal to each other, means for causing the resistors of each said pair to assume a resistance value proportional to a different one of the values a, b, c and d, means for causing current of substantially equal value to flow through all of said resistors, means for indicating the values, relative to each other, of the difference between the potential drop across a resistor representing the value a and the potential drop across a resistor representing the value b and the difference between the potential drop across a resistor representing the value c and the potential drop across a resistor representing the value d.

JOSEPH RAZEK.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Name Date Simpson Feb. 15, 1938 OTHER REFERENCES Number 

